x \\ے } WLl Latin declension is the set of patterns according to which Latin words are declined, or have their endings altered to show grammatical case, number and gender.Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are declined (verbs are conjugated), and a given pattern is called a declension.There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. The second section of the lesson focuses on when to use each declension. Latvian nouns have seven grammatical cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative and vocative. The nominative singular ending -ias (sg. Note, that the inflection of the plural genitive is palatalized (-ių). Lesson Tables 1. For dat. Note that in this case the palatalization mark (the letter "i") is marked as a part of the inflection. -ys – of the third noun declension. and gen. pl. Sg. One word, moteris – woman, female, is both of the fifth and the third declensions, because it has variant genitive singular, both variants of which (-s and -ies) are equally apt, and it has a gen. pl. Other diphthongs are: uo, ai, ei, oi (this one is used only in foreign words; in Lithuanian-derivation it is present when a word kojinė 'sock, stocking' is pronounced shorter as koinė), ui, au (palatalized iuo, iai, iui, iau; there is no iei combination because ei is already soft and same to iai; a combination ie is only a diphthong and in use is succeeded by a consonant). gen. -ies (also -io, like in respective adjectives) and pl. All these cases are more like dialectal and older. sg. nom. The palatalized variant of this declension has the forms of the first declension. XML Files. Its accentuation is sometimes described as a simple tone system, often called pitch accent. gẽras – good) and gerúo-ju (nom. Notes: 1. Note, that the word pats is declined only in masculine in this table. Modern Lithuanian declension. Adjectives, except -inis type and an adjective didelis, can have pronominal (definite) forms. kaimas – village, kiemas – yard). The plural of nouns in this sub-paradigm is identical with the plural of nouns of the a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm). Declension There are five recognized declensions in Irish. Introduction to the Genitive case. Only two nouns end in -i: pati 'wife' and marti 'daughter-in-law'. When we give a noun, we typically give the singular nominative form of the noun, as well as the endingfor the singular genitive case. Every word has a double, treble or centuple use and meaning.”—Ralph Waldo Emerson (18031882), Main pattern for feminine nouns; few masculine, Rare, masculine nouns, four³ feminine; suffixed by -en-, There are only two nouns ending in -i: pati 'wife' and marti 'daughter-in-law'. gen.) akmenis, akmenies – more like older dialectal not used widely and a little likely to be heard in a speech – and (first d.) akmenis, akmenio; akmenys, akmenio; akmenas, akmeno – sometimes said by the speakers, who don't know the fifth declension well, for example, children. Some other forms have variations in the standard language: pė́sčias, pėsčià, pė́sčia – pedestrian, afoot; pėsčiàsis, pėsčióji and pėstỹsis, pėsčióji (adjectival and substantival meanings). Learn a new language today. Latin pl. Lithuanian instrumental -u derives from an older -uo, what is seen, for example, in pronominal (definite) adjective forms, pronouns: gerù (nom. However The first declension. Sg. An ogonek indicates that the sound is long. There are only a few words of -ias type. A few third declension adjectives of one ending are declined without the characteristic -i.Thus, vetus, veteris, old: vetere (abl. I would suggest starting with the full chart to get a feel of how declension works and use the abbreviated chart if you get stuck trying to memorize it. skaĩčius 'number'; pavyzdỹs 'example', pãvyzdžio, pãvyzdžiui, pãvyzdį; kėdė̃ 'chair', kėdžių̃ etc. Such a shift is a mistake of declension. For most of -uonis words, declining in the first declension is considered to be a mistake. In dialects an inflection -iau in vocative can be used, for example, for names ending in -is: Algis – Algiau (dial.) Note, that this shortened form coincides with the sub-participle of the past tense. Latvian has retained many features of Proto-Indo-European in comparison to other Indo-European languages. The more two words, obelis. gen. are equal. [vocative]. If a vowel is underlined, then we replace the ο in the stem with that vowel. Fifth declension. Two adjectives of the third declension have long -ys: dešinỹs – right, kairỹs – left; plural nominative is dešinì, kairì; plural dative: dešiníems, kairíems. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan, ©1978 (OCoLC)567794421 Online version: Marvan, Jiří. Today žmogus is declined in the fourth paradigm in singular (žmogus, žmogaus etc.) For example, a word akmuo, akmens can have the forms (third d.) (sg. forms, for example, nom.-acc. For example, the words metal and metallic are pronounced differently, or rather, they surface differently. An adjective didelis, didelė hasn't pronominal forms. See the o-paradigm for feminine numbers. Note: Some second-declension nouns use-r for the nominative singular form. Other cases than the singular nominative always have a suffix, J. Marvan. 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