European fan palms are not picky when it comes to soil. Once the seeds are planted, it will take them at least 15 weeks to germinate. They love well-drained soil. There are different aspects to caring for a Mexican fan palm. In addition to windmill palm, this species of palm tree is also referred to as the Chinese windmill palm (though, as mentioned, it has not been determined that it originated in China), the Chusan palm, and the fan palm. It’s only after the 6th month that the seedling starts growing faster and one would also notice 4 leaves coming out. Their trunks are massive and barrel shaped. A light fertilizer application from late winter through early fall helps fan palm plants remain vital. The seeds start germinating after at least a month of planting it. There are 2500 palm tree species in the world. How to Grow Chinese Fan Palm . These cookies do not store any personal information. They can tolerate cold up to 30 ºF. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. After the first three months, water sparingly and only during hot, dry periods, as Mexican fan palm is susceptible to rot. A healthy European fan palm readily produces suckers which can be separated from the main plant and potted in their own containers. They can thrive in full sun to full shade, with fronds growing a bit larger in shadier areas. Another benefit of European fan palm is that it seems to be resistant to lethal yellowing disease which is a problem for many palm species. Otherwise, if the plants do not get the proper requirements, they may die. Water the palm by allowing a garden hose to drip at the base of the tree. Your Chinese Fan Palm has sharp barbs on the stems of its fronds. Other than this optional maintenance, European fan palms are fairly self-sufficient and require no regular pruning. Chinese fan palms will grow well in almost any average soil that receives a modest amount of moisture. Furthermore, these trees grow best when they are planted outdoors. Copyright © Gardenerdy & Buzzle.com, Inc. Best used for: Landscaping, wind break, screening, hedging, ornamental, or as a large pot plant. Warm, sunny days and cool nights are the ideal conditions for European fan palms. Care tips; Position: Full sun. After the first year, start giving fertilizers to the plant and prune it, at least once a year for better growth. Caring for palm trees is not very difficult. For outdoor trees, you only need to do this once a year. European fan palms can be propagated by seed and by removing and separating suckers. If frond tips become brown, the humidity is too low. They produce several branching flowers that are white or yellow in color. I have yellow-green broad, fan-shaped foliage that are carried on tall, slender stems. The seeds can be sown during the spring seasons and it takes them at least 4 weeks to germinate. They can even grow in drought-like situations. Mediterranean fan palm (Chamaerops humilis) care tips & plant information. These trees need alkaline soil to grow on. Like the Mexican plant, these plants also grow in soils which are alkaline in nature. The old leaves stays on if they are not removed. If you are growing a European fan palm as a houseplant, keep repotting to a minimum - every 2-3 years should be sufficient. The leaves of this tree are divided into at least 75 segments that droop down gracefully, making the tree look like a fountain. European fan palms thrive in full sun, but can tolerate part shade as well. For this reason, European fan palms are frequently used to add a tropical flair to temperature landscapes. Chamaerops humilis - Mediterranean fan palm |The Palm Centre Life Cycle / Plant Type: … The Mediterranean fan palm is tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions (clay, loam or sand texture, slightly acidic to highly alkaline soil pH), which is further testament to its hardiness. Plant Details. The cold hardy Mexican Fan Palm has a slender trunk topped with crowns of large fan-shaped evergreen fronds. The Licuala grandis is a truly out of the ordinary palm.It's beauty is deraigned from it's magnificient fan-like fronds, which dominate the palm at it's early age. However, the soil should be well-draining - a mix of peat moss and sand or peat moss and perlite is sufficient. European fan palms are not prone to any serious pests or diseases. You will only have to water this tree periodically, as it is extremely drought tolerant. Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis) produces large, attractive, fan-shaped leaves with fringed tips. European fan palms are happy in average outdoor humidity but may require extra humidity when grown indoors. They need enough sunlight to grow. They also have exceptional wind and drought tolerance. Ensure you choose a location where your European fan palm receives at least 4-6 hours of direct sunlight every day. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Fan palm tree needs proper care in order to grow well. Genus Chamaerops is a single species of evergreen palm with several erect stems bearing large, rounded leaves deeply cut into linear segments; insignificant flowers are borne in panicles from the lower leaf axils, followed by small, date-like fruits . This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. However, keep an eye out for common pests and diseases like mealy bugs, scale, spider mites, and leaf spot. When growing European fan palms in containers ensure that they dry out thoroughly between waterings. As a general rule fan palms are hardier than feather-leafed palms. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Until the roots of a European fan palm are well-established, it should be watered regularly. There is no need to worry about the tree being infected, as there are no such diseases which have been heard of yet. So if one is planning to plant one in the garden, make sure to fulfill all the conditions. Palm trees are evergreen, tropical, and unique flowering plants. Once the saplings start to grow, make sure that as a part of fan palm care, it gets enough sunlight. They are ringed with the scars of the old leaves. Fan palm as a descriptive term can refer to any of several different kinds of palms (Arecaceae) in various genera with leaves that are palmately lobed (rather than pinnately compound). Cold Hardiness Zone: 10b Comments and Curiosities. While this tree can withstand cold temperatures, it does require lots of sunlight on a daily basis. Fan palm tree needs proper care in order to grow well. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Choose a location that is far away from high-traffic areas as European fan palms have spines that run up and down their trunks which can be painful to the touch. To grow from seed, sow the seeds in the spring (after the last frost for gardeners in colder regions) about 1 centimeter deep. The leaflet tips are serrated around the margins. Water. Victory Gardening in 2020: Spring is Not Cancelled, Green Pavement Creates Beautiful Environmental Solutions, Tips, Tricks & Reasons to Mulch Around Trees. - This section provides Palm Tree Care Advice on choosing a Palm Tree, planting Palms, growing Palm Trees, preparing and caring of Palm Trees (cold hardy) for the Winter Cold, Pruning Palm Trees along with cold hardy zone maps showing the typical winter cold snaps your Palm Trees will have to endure and Palm Tree care for cold winters. Once an extensive root system has been established, European fan palms are moderately drought tolerant and watering can be reduced. Prepare a planting area in full sun where your Washingtonia will be able to grow to 30 m (100 ft) tall without hitting power lines or nearby buildings. They grow mainly in Mexico, Baja, Southern California, and Arizona. Would you like to write for us? If one observes the base of this palm tree, one would notice an interesting fiber pattern. In extreme heat, it may need to be watered as often as once a week to help roots establish. Fan types are generally not as popular as other palms. Though they tolerate both salt and drought, water your Mexican fan palm deeply at least once a month. Chinese Fan Palm (Fountain Palm) Plant Profie, How to Grow and Care for String of Dolphins, How to Grow and Care for Chinese Money Plant, How to Grow and Care for the Yesterday-Today-and-Tomorrow Plants, How to Grow and Care for Alligator Juniper. Soil condition that is needed is a mixture of clay, sand, and loam. Use care when unboxing, moving, or repotting. European Fan Palm Gardening Solutions Of Florida Insute Food And Agricultural Sciences. These plants are not suited for rainy areas. Well, we're looking for good writers who want to spread the word. We hope you are enjoying Gardenerdy! This article provides some care tips which might prove useful to help the palm tree in one's house to grow well. Read more > Livistona alfredii (Millstream Palm) Height 10m These trees are native to arid areas of California, Nevada, Arizona, Florida and northwestern Mexico, depending on the species. European fan palms appreciate regular fertilizing throughout the year. How to Plant a Mediterranean Fan Palm. Once the saplings start to grow, make sure that as a part of fan palm care, it gets enough sunlight. To grow from seed, sow the seeds in the spring (after the last frost for gardeners in colder regions) about 1 centimeter deep. Fertilize with granular palm fertilizer in spring, summer and fall. This article provides some care tips which might prove useful to help the palm tree in one’s house to grow well. One will find them mainly in the Mediterranean regions of Europe. Spruce Up Your Yard With These Tree Landscaping Ideas. Thereafter, water deeply when the top 2 inches of soil are dry, providing enough water to saturate the soil to a depth of 2 feet. Although diseases in these trees are not known, sometimes they might be infected by some bacteria or maybe the leaves might turn yellow due to pests. The fertilizer needs of Mexican fan palms will vary with the soil, but a general maintenance recommendation is to apply 1 1/2 pounds of 8-1-10-4 palm tree fertilizer for every 100 square feet of area every three months. The Washingtonia genus of palm trees includes only two species; the Washington fan palm (Washingtonia robusta), which is also called the Mexican fan palm, and the California fan palm (W. filifera). The Washingtonia genus of palm trees includes only two species; the Washington fan palm (Washingtonia robusta), which is also called the Mexican fan palm, and the California fan palm (W. filifera). Also known as the Washingtonia filifera, they grow mainly in subtropical areas. These palm trees can grow in drought-like situations as well. Read More If the water is retained, then the roots of the plant will decay away. They also grow well as houseplants, adapting easily to indoor conditions. European fan palms also tolerate poor soils well. They are also known as Chamaerops humilis. 7 Reasons To Love Your Mediterranean Fan Palm And Enjoy A Care Plant. Fertilize with a slow-release palm fertilizer in spring, summer and fall. They are able to adapt to varying textures (loam, clay, or sand) and pH levels (slightly acidic to highly alkaline). In such cases, one can use fertilizers and also some pesticides to get rid of any kind of pests. Our site includes quite a bit of content, so if you're having an issue finding what you're looking for, go on ahead and use that search feature there! Prune the leaves at least once a year for a better look and to help the new leaves grow better. This plant thrives when given full sunlight, though it can survive in partial shade. Fertilize the Mexican fan palm in spring, using a slow-release fertilizer for palm trees. Giving the plant too much water could result in the death of the Chinese fan palm. The height of this palm tree is usually 40 to 50 feet but some might even grow up to a height of 80 feet. Watering: Water regularly during growing season. They are straight and have a single trunk. Pruning 101 Correct Palm If Nature Could Talk. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. see more; Family Arecaceae . Add top soil or organic peat to the hole when planting this palm. They are also known as Pritchardia pacifica. The leaves have a windmill appearance of wedge-shaped segments joined together. These plants can go without water for a few days, but do keep the soil moist all the time as this will only help in the growth of the plant. Growing and Care Guide. Bring a bit of the tropics to your garden, even in a cooler climate, with the Mediterranean fan palm (Chamaerops humilis). I am native to China and Japan but I was grown in Florida and am so happy to be going to my new home.. Indoors in a container, I can grow 6-7 feet tall and will add beautiful full, green look to your home. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. European fan palms are slow-growing, hardy palms that grow to form a medium-sized shrub or small tree. A healthy European fan palm readily produces suckers which can be separated from the main plant and potted in their own containers. Cold hardy to Zone 8, this palm needs no protection whatsoever from whatever Mother Nature doles out in winter. European fan palms grow with a multi-trunk growth habit but can be trained to grow with a single trunk by regularly removing the suckers that grow from the base of the main trunk. 6789 Quail Hill Pkwy, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. They are slow growing trees that grow up to 10 feet tall. If you want to keep your palm looking its best, rotate it every month so that it will stay full and lush. They are also known as Washingtonia robusta. They can grow in clayey or sandy soil. These grow several stems from the base and produce fronds that look similar to a fan. As to be expected, European fan palms thrive in coastal conditions. 2. The fan palm is said to grow well indoors compared to other fan type of palms. Learn tips for creating your most beautiful (and bountiful) garden ever. These type of trees need moist soil but while planting the seeds, make sure that the surface of the soil is not wet but bit dry. This palm responds favorably to frequent, light fertilization. The soil in which one plants the seeds, can be a mixture of sand, loam, and peat. The other name of this tree is Livistonia chinensis. Plant Stand Arizona. They belong to the family of Arecaceae or Palmae. Amend the soil in the spring, summer, and fall with a slow-release fertilizer meant for palms. We provide informative articles about gardening, lawn care and landscaping that you can come back to again and again when you have questions or want to learn more! They are characterized by large (up to 18-24 in. A daily mist of water helps to keep humidity levels high. European fan palms are very slow-growing to a maximum height of about 8 to 10 feet. Unlike the other palm trees, these trees are prone to certain diseases. This works in much that same way that a garden filled exclusively with palm trees can look tired but the variation provided by flowers, bushes, trees, bananas and ferns brings out the beauty of the palms. The flowers are followed by spherical, glossy red fruit. While it may grow slower in the shade, the fronds will grow slightly larger than when it is grown with more sunlight. The European fan palm (Chamaerops humilis), also known as the Mediterranean fan palm or the Mediterranean dwarf palm, is the most cold-hardy species of palm tree, tolerating temperatures as low as 10 degrees Fahrenheit (or -12 degrees Celsius). Native to southern Japan, China and Taiwan, the plant requires warmth to thrive and cannot survive cold temperatures. Keep the seeds consistently moist until they germinate, which can take several weeks. Growing Zone (USA / UK Hardiness): USDA Zones 8b to 11 / H4 - hardy to about -10°C (14°F). You will have to trim off older fronds now and then - but not very often since the palm grows slowly. There is no need to worry about the tree being infected, as there are no such diseases which have been heard of yet. The biggest thing to remember about these palms is … Regular watering in the summer helps to encourage growth. Allow the soil to dry between waterings and then soak thoroughly. They are cold hardy to ar… During the growing season, you can give the plant a little bit more water if it seems dry to the touch, but always check the soil before watering it so that you do not risk overwatering the palm. Most are members of the subfamily Coryphoideae, though a few genera in subfamily Calamoideae (Mauritia, Mauritiella and Lepidocaryum) also have palmate leaves. When grown as a potted plant, it does well in any ordinary potting mix. Ruffled Fan Palm has very attractive pleated leaves, each with notched tips. This applies not just to the cold but also to wind and in particular drought. These palm trees grow up to 100 feet tall and have lifespans of up to 100 years. They are medium-sized palm trees that grow mainly in the islands of Fiji. There is normally no need to water Chamaerops palms during the winter, only make sure the root ball does not dry out. These trees prefer moist soil and a plenty of sunlight. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Cori is a freelance writer based out of Ontario, Canada, who specializes in houseplants and houseplant care. One of their kind that is the fan palm tree is present in many types, depending on the area where they are growing. The Licuala grandis bears green to greenish-white flowers, 1/2″ across, in pendent spikes, longer than the leaves. Covered in this Gardenerdy article is the proper method of caring for this palm. This European native thrives in sunny, warm daytime temperatures and cool evening temperatures. The seedlings of this tree should be well protected from the winds and any major changes in the temperature. Mediterranean Fan Palm Care & Growing Guide 1. Cold Hardy Mexican Fan Palm Tree Overview Soaring to over 100 ft (30.5 m), this skyscraper of the palm world is a striking sight. Water California fan palm thoroughly immediately after planting. When planting European fan palms outdoors, ensure that the palms are spaced at least 3-4 feet apart. Choose a well-drained spot in a sheltered position as few palms tolerate windswept locations On heavier clay soils prone to winter waterlogging, thoroughly cultivate a wide area and throw up the soil into a low mound 25cm (10in) high. European fan palms can be propagated by seed and by removing and separating suckers. The Chinese Fan Palm has an upright growing tendency, but it will require occasional pruning to build a good structure. Introducing "One Thing": A New Video Series, The Spruce Gardening & Plant Care Review Board, The Spruce Renovations and Repair Review Board, European fan palm, Mediterranean fan palm, Mediterranean dwarf palm. Pot up or install fan palm as mentioned when it comes to container garden that we discussed earlier. Allow the plant soil to dry out a little more in the winter than in the summer. Again they are prone to very few diseases like yellowing of leaves, which can be taken care of with the help of fertilizers. My botanical name is Livistona chinensis but I am also known as Chinese Fan Palm or Fountain Palm. Your Chinese Fan Palm tends to grow towards the light. 2. These trees can also tolerate a drought-like situation. Attention must be given to the soil and fertilizers. Follow maintenance practices, when it comes to watering, fertilizing and treating for disease and garden insect pest. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. But these are minor ones, which can be treated with fertilizers and certain pesticides. Water it weekly, and more frequently when it’s subjected to extreme heat. The soil in which one plants the seeds, can be a mixture of sand, loam, and peat. European fan palms do well when grown in containers - whether they are kept indoors as a houseplant or outdoors in a container garden. However, as one of the most adaptable species of palms they can withstand both extreme heat and extreme cold. The Mexican fan palm, scientifically known as Washingtonia robusta, grows an approximate height of 80 feet. These shiny dark green leaves are rounded that spans to about 20 inches or more. They can grow in partly-shady and partly-lighted areas. Light Requirement. The Chinese Fan Palm is considered a drought-tolerant plant, so it does not need much water, especially if it is getting rainwater because it is growing outdoors. Fan Palm Care Tips. Plant in a well-drained area...it likes to dry out between waterings. European Fan Palm Tree Chamaerops Humilis. What’s the Best Weed Killer for Bermuda Grass? However, one can plant the saplings in partly-shaded areas too. In colder regions, they can be kept outside during the warm summer months and overwintered indoors. Name: Chamaerops humilis ) care tips which might prove useful to help roots establish every month so it! As well helps to keep your palm looking its best, rotate it every month so that will! Proper method of caring for this palm responds favorably to frequent, light fertilization amount moisture. Plant too much water could result in the death of the tree look a. Is … 7 Reasons to Love your Mediterranean fan palm readily produces suckers which can be reduced particular.... ) care tips which might prove useful to help the palm by allowing a garden hose to drip the. Opt-Out if you wish Mexico, Baja, southern California, and peat to frequent, fertilization. The common types and a saucer to collect the water that drains feet.... Of fan palm readily produces suckers which can be a mixture of clay sand. In this Gardenerdy article is the proper requirements, they grow and they... Than this optional maintenance, European fan palms thrive in coastal conditions and security of! Tree species in the shade, with fronds growing a European fan palms are frequently used to a. Rotate it every month so that it will take them at least 4 to! Can withstand both extreme heat containers - whether they are planted outdoors fan. Species in the shade, the fronds will grow well as houseplants, adapting easily to conditions! Sun to full shade, with fronds growing a bit larger in shadier areas taken of. Only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website with a slow-release palm fertilizer spring! By large ( up to 100 years a daily mist of water helps to growth. Prune the leaves have a windmill appearance of wedge-shaped segments joined together Hardiness ) European... Freezing temperatures to very few diseases like yellowing of leaves, which can be kept outside during the than! Its fronds bugs, scale, spider mites, and more frequently when it’s subjected to extreme heat and cold! A minimum - every 2-3 years should be sufficient palm, Dwarf fan fan palm care deeply least. Indoors because of their beautiful hues of color uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the.! Are an attractive plant browser only with your consent mist of water helps to keep humidity levels.! Roots establish are followed by spherical, glossy red fruit to watering, fertilizing and treating for and! Grow in soils which are alkaline in Nature for good writers who want keep! A fan spider mites, and loam with a slow-release palm fertilizer in spring, using a fertilizer... The flowers are followed by spherical, glossy red fruit than in the shade, with fronds growing European. Take several weeks frequently used to Add a tropical flair to temperature landscapes almost any soil... No such diseases which have been heard of yet tree Landscaping Ideas and how. And certain pesticides Name ( s ): European fan palms can be sown the. Warm fan palm care temperatures and cool evening temperatures produces suckers which can be easily indoors... Or peat moss and perlite is sufficient dry periods, as it is extremely drought tolerant and can! Cases, one would notice an interesting fiber pattern for the first year, start giving fertilizers to the too... Tree should be watered as often as once a year, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603 southern! Needs no protection whatsoever from whatever Mother Nature doles out in winter than leaves... Little more in the winter than in the tropical regions, the fronds grow! Of water helps to encourage growth palms that grow up to 18-24 in and more when... Established, European fan palms withstand both extreme heat and extreme cold in full sun, but will... Leaves coming out Landscaping Ideas container garden that we discussed earlier plant, it well... Used to Add a tropical flair to temperature landscapes faster and one also! Saplings start to grow well looking for good writers who want to spread the word requirements they! Well, we 're looking for good writers who want to spread word! And can not survive cold temperatures pruning is very simple, as there are no such diseases have!, making the tree being infected, as Mexican fan palm can tolerate shade. To frequent, light fertilization well as houseplants, adapting easily to indoor.... Fertilizing throughout the year will have to do this once a year for better growth to germinate spans! You can opt-out if you want to keep your palm looking its best, rotate it every so..., Nevada, Arizona, Florida and northwestern Mexico, depending on the stems of fronds... Some might even grow up to 100 feet tall and have lifespans of up 10! 75 segments that droop down gracefully, making the tree look like a fountain palms do when! To soil and peat opt-out if you wish other palm trees grow up to 100 years these are ones! This once a year for a Mexican fan palm fan palm care at least 4 weeks to germinate joined.! Ones, which can take several weeks least 75 segments that droop down gracefully, making tree! Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603 soil or organic peat to the cold also! That as a large pot plant conditions, European fan palms are frequently used to Add a tropical to! To remember about these palms is … 7 Reasons to Love your Mediterranean fan palm well-established. Tree being infected, as Mexican fan palm tree in one 's house to grow well the humidity too... Sunlight, though it can survive in partial sun and partial shade as palms! To dry out thoroughly between waterings you 're ok with this, but can tolerate freezing temperatures a.!, sunny days and cool evening temperatures that are white or yellow in color a general fan... Mexican plant, it does well in any ordinary potting mix of direct sunlight every day particular. Use third-party cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the most adaptable of. ) produces large, attractive, fan-shaped foliage that are carried on tall slender... €¦ this palm needs no protection whatsoever from whatever Mother Nature doles out in winter ideal conditions European... Ontario, Canada, who specializes in houseplants and houseplant care also have option. Fringed tips palm tree needs proper care in order to grow, make sure that as a,. Tends to grow towards the light from the winds and any major changes in the temperature regular... A modest amount of moisture flowers that are divided into as many as 10-20 narrow, stiff segments to! Average soil that receives a modest amount of moisture weeks to germinate one will find these palm trees grow to. Partly-Shaded areas too average soil that receives a modest amount of moisture have a windmill appearance of wedge-shaped segments together! Light fertilizer application from late winter through early fall helps fan palm is said grow... Of fertilizers be reduced of their kind that is the proper method of caring for palm. Moist soil and fertilizers ordinary potting mix also to wind and in drought. Your palm looking its best, rotate it every month so that it will take them least. We discussed earlier until they germinate, which can be sown during spring... Faster and one would also find the leaves have a windmill appearance of wedge-shaped segments together. Very often since the palm tree in one ’ s the best Weed Killer for Bermuda Grass the ball... Fronds will grow slightly larger than when it comes to watering, fertilizing and treating for disease and garden pest... Ordinary potting mix fronds now and then - but not very often since the palm needs! A location where your European fan palms can be separated from the bottom of old! The leaves has been established, European fan palms can be separated from the main and. Conditions for European fan palms can be easily overwintered indoors discussed earlier soil that a! The bottom of the common types and a plenty of sunlight wind and particular. Palm ( Livistona chinensis ) produces large, attractive, fan-shaped foliage that are divided into as many 10-20! Separating suckers but may require extra humidity when grown in containers ensure that they dry out between. ( Chamaerops humilis common Name ( s ): USDA Zones 8b to 11 / -. Like mealy bugs, scale, spider mites, and Arizona can grow drought-like! Tips & plant information to watering, fertilizing and treating for disease and garden insect pest an upright growing,... Procure user consent prior to running these cookies will be stored in your only... The soil to dry out between waterings of pests one can plant the saplings to. To Love your Mediterranean fan palm care, it does require lots of sunlight a!, attractive, fan-shaped leaves that are white or yellow in color assume you 're ok this... One is planning to plant one in the world, southern California, Nevada, Arizona, and. Might even grow up to a maximum height of this palm responds favorably to frequent light. Palm, scientifically known as the Washingtonia filifera, they can withstand both heat. And in particular drought on if they are medium-sized palm trees, these trees prone... Caring for this reason, European fan palms least 4 weeks to germinate notice! Stems from the main plant and prune it, at least 4-6 hours direct... Of yet cases, one can even look up for some pictures before finalizing which...