Organic compounds are isolated from these two natural sources by solvent extraction followed by purification. Most of the energy used by the industrial and residential/commercial sectors is __________. Select all statements that apply to the process of hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking.". Which of the following must be true for hydrocarbons to be collected by a fault trap? In Africa, the Niger Delta sedimentary basin covers land in Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea. 3/ Seal rock: a relatively impermeable rock through which HCs cannot move. -99.9% of oil deposits are in sedimentary basins (not in igneous or metamorphic rocks) -99% in rocks younger than 400 million years Apart from use as fuel, petroleum is a cornerstone in industry. Which of the following must be true for hydrocarbons to be trapped by salt diapirs? Natural gas is more ubiquitous than oil. Source rocks are commonly shales and lime mudstones, which contain significant amount of organic matter [ 2 ]. Why must oil shale be heated to extract hydrocarbons? The element in coal primarily resposible for acid rain is _________, which forms ________ when the minerals it forms react with water . What color smoke coming from a coal-fired power plant would indicate wasted fuel? An organic-rich, fine-grained, impermeable sedimentary rock containing kerogen. Name the progression of coal types with increased heat and pressure from burial. In thermally immature rocks, sedimentary organic matter is dominated by kerogen (organic matter insoluble in common organic solvents) with small amounts of bitumen. Petroleum source rocks are geologic formations that are capable of generating petroleum Coal, mudstone and shale are the recognized source rocks because of their organic carbon contents. The methodologies help in identifying the zones where petroleum is available in the sedimentary basin. Methane clathrates are stable in __________ conditions. More than 500 oil deposits have been discovered in the massive Niger Delta basin, and they comprise one of the most productive oil fields in Africa. Why is coal different from other sedimentary rocks? Each component of a petroleum system has to be assessed for risk, none is perfectly known or understood. Upon heating, kerogen converts in part to liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. Which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment? Once preserved, the organic matter that might become coal is _________, driving off _________, and concentrating _________. Here, decomposition of the organic matter is restricted in a different way. Petroleum is a fossil fuel, meaning that it has been created by the decomposition of organic matter over millions of years. Most petroleum originates in "source rock, which is ________ . They form one of the necessary elements of a working petroleum system. sedimentary rocks , containing significant concentrations of organic matter , in which petroleum and natural gas are generated during burial of deposits. Many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. What geological elements must be in place to make an exploitable conventional petroleum deposit? The result is Choose one: A. coal. Which of the following is a drawback to mining oil shale and oil sands? Natural pressure in the reservoir drops from removed fluids and secondary and Tertiary recovery techniques are employed to increase pressure in the reservoir and extract more. 2/ Reservoir rock: a porous and permeable rock through which HCs can flow, and in which they can accumulate. Source rock is where the petroleum matures as for the reservoir rock is where the petroleum pools. 1) burial pressure and temperature; 2) carbon content. This mixture is transformed into dark, foul-s… It is partly preserved in these poorly oxygenated environments, well away from tidal currents. The Origin of oil and gas - Organic matter Petroleum was formed from organic matter. Petroleum - Petroleum - Origin of hydrocarbons: Although it is recognized that the original source of carbon and hydrogen was in the materials that made up primordial Earth, it is generally accepted that these two elements had to pass through an organic phase to be combined into the varied complex molecules recognized as hydrocarbons. What was the first real comercial product extracted from oil? Coal "grade" is a function of 1) ________ and 2) _______ . Where and when when and where did the comercial exploration for oil - the original "oil boom" - begin? They are organic-rich sediments that may have been deposited in a variety of environments including deep water marine, lacustrine and deltaic. About half of renewable energy is used in __________. that are Other hazerdous materials contained in coal and liberated to the environment when burned include _________. Hydrocarbons are generally colourless and hydrophobic with only weak odours. All the essential elements and the essential processes must be present for an oil or gas field to be created. Transported by water, it sometimes sinks to the bottom of the sea or large continental lakes. All fossil fuels, including coal, are considered an indirect form of ____________ energy. 6/What are the essential elements of a petroleum system, 7/What are the essential processes of a petroleum system, What are he requirements for a petroleum accumulation. Nuclear energy is used in what energy sector(s)? The Origin of the Petroleum System: Most scientific evidence shows that petroleum originates from the decay of organic matter buried in sediments. Over the years, layers of silt, sand and other sediments settled over … shale organic matter and 100% for oils from the other two sources. The oil window is _______ . Here, we explore organic matter compositional differences observed within kukersites (petroleum source beds containing acritarch Gloeocapsomorpha prisca) and the overlying carbonate reservoir layer from the Ordovician Stonewall Formation using a suite of spectroscopic methods, primarily through atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR). Practically all shales and carbonate rocks contain indigenous organic matter disseminated in three forms: (1) soluble hydrocarbons, which are similar in composition to the heavier fractions of crude oil found in reservoir rock, (2) soluble asphalt, which is similar to the asphaltic constituents of crude oil, and (3) insoluble organic matter (kerogen), which is pyrobituminous in nature. The 4 main "grades" of coal, in order of low to high grade are ________. 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